CLASS 12th .
REDUCE SYLLABUS.
There will be two papers in the subject:
Paper I: Theory: 3 hours ..70 marks
Paper II: Practical: 3 hours ... 15 marks
Project Work … 10 marks
Practical File … 5 marks
PAPER I- THEORY: 70 Marks
There will be no overall choice in the paper. Candidates will be required to answer all questions. Internal
choice will be available in two questions of 2 marks each, two questions of 3 marks each and all the three
questions of 5 marks each.
S. No. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE
1. Reproduction -16 Marks
2. Genetics and Evolution - 15 Marks
3. Biology and Human Welfare - 14 Marks
4. Biotechnology and its Applications - 10 marks
5. Ecology and Environment -15 Marks .
/__________________/
TOTAL 70 Marks
/___________________/
I –THEORY – 70 Marks
All structures (internal and external) are required
to be taught along with diagrams.
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UNIT (1). Reproduction
_________________________________
(1) Reproduction in Organisms.
Modes of reproduction - asexual and sexual
reproduction; asexual reproduction - binary
fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule
formation, fragmentation; vegetative
propagation in plants.
Definition of life span; life span of a few
organisms (banana, rice, rose, banyan,
butterfly, fruit fly, tortoise, crocodile, parrot,
crow, elephant, dog, horse, and cow).
Asexual reproduction – definition, types
(binary fission in Amoeba and Paramoecium,
budding in yeast and Hydra, conidia in
Penicillium, zoospores in Chlamydomonas,
gemmules in sponges), definition of clone.
Vegetative propagation – definition,
vegetative propagules (tuber of potato,
rhizome of ginger, bulbil of Agave, leaf buds
of Bryophyllum, offset of water hyacinth,
runner of grass, sucker of pineapple, bulb of
onion).
Sexual reproduction: Plants – definition,
phases of life cycle (juvenile/vegetative,
reproductive and senescence), unusual
flowering phenomenon (bamboo and
Strobilanthes kunthiana). Animals –
continuous and seasonal breeders (definition,
differences and examples).
Chromosome number in the cells of house
fly, fruit fly, butterfly, human beings, rat,
dog, maize, apple, onion, cat, rice,
Ophioglossum; differences between asexual
and sexual reproduction.
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(2) Sexual reproduction in flowering plants
Development of male and female
gametophytes; pollen-pistil interaction;
double fertilization; post fertilization
events - development of endosperm and
embryo, special modes - apomixis,
parthenocarpy, polyembryony.
Pre-fertilisation structures and events
Structure of microsporangium, T.S. of
anther microsporogenesis, structure and
development of pollen grain, viability of
pollen grain, economic importance of
pollen grain. Pistil – structure of
megasporangium (L.S. of anatropous
ovule), megasporogenesis, structure and
development of female gametophyte.
Pollen-pistil interaction in terms of
incompatibility/compatibility, events
leading to fertilisation, definition of triple
fusion and double fertilization. Significance
of double fertilization. Apomixis,
polyembryony, parthenocarpy to be
explained briefly.
Post-fertilisation events - embryo formation
(dicot); types of endosperm (cellular,
nuclear and helobial); definition of
perisperm.
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(3)Human Reproduction.
Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary;
gametogenesis - spermatogenesis and
oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation,
embryo development upto blastocyst
formation, implantation; pregnancy and
placenta formation (elementary idea);
parturition (elementary idea); lactation
(elementaryidea).
Internal structure of testis and ovary to be
taught with the help of diagrams;
gametogenesis- spermatogenesis (including
spermiogenesis and spermiation) oogenesis;
hormonal control of gametogenesis, structure
of sperm and mature ovum, menstrual cycle
- different phases and hormone action,
menarche and menopause, physico-chemical
events during fertilisation, implantation,
embryonic development up to blastocyst
formation, important features of human
embryonic development (formation of heart,
limbs, digits, appearance of hair on head,
eyelashes, separation of eye lids, external
genital organs and first movement of foetus
with reference to time period) placenta and
its functions. Parturition; lactation –hormonal control and importance.
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(4) Reproductive Health.
Need for reproductive health and prevention
of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs);
birth control - need and methods,
contraception and medical termination of
pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis; infertility
and assisted reproductive technologies -
IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for
general awareness).
Definition of reproductive health, programs
of reproductive health (family planning,
RCH), contraceptive methods and their
methods of action (natural-periodic
abstinence, withdrawal or coitus interruptus,
lactational amenorrhea; artificial – barriers,
IUDs, oral pills, implants and surgical
methods, definition of medical termination of
pregnancy (MTP) and reasons for it; causes
of infertility. Amniocentesis and its role in
detecting genetic defects. Assisted
reproductive technologies: IVF, IUT, ZIFT,
ICSI, GIFT, AI, IUI. - definition and
application only. Causes, symptoms and
methods of prevention of sexually transmitted
diseases (gonorrhoea, syphilis, genital
herpes, chlamydiasis, genital warts,
trichomoniasis, hepatitis- B, AIDS).
-------------------------------
_Unit (2). Genetics and Evolution__
____________________________________
(5) Principles of inheritance and variation
Heredity and variation: Mendelian
inheritance; deviations from Mendelism -
incomplete dominance, co-dominance,
multiple alleles and inheritance of blood
groups, pleiotropy; elementary idea of
polygenic inheritance; chromosomal theory
of inheritance; chromosomes and genes; sex
determination - in humans, fruit fly, birds
and honey bee; linkage and crossing over;
mutation; Mendelian disorders in humans;
chromosomal disorders in humans.
Explanation of the terms heredity and
variation; Mendel's Principles of
inheritance; reasons for Mendel's success;back cross and test cross, definitions to be .
taught with simple examples using Punnett
square. Incomplete dominance with examples
from plants (snapdragon - Antirrhinum)
and co-dominance in human blood group,
multiple alleles – e.g. blood groups,
polygenic inheritance with one example of
inheritance of skin colour in humans
(students should be taught examples from
human genetics through pedigree charts.
They should be able to interpret the patterns
of inheritance by analysis of pedigree chart).
Biological importance of Mendelism.
Pleiotropy with reference to the example of
starch synthesis in pea seeds. Chromosomal
theory of inheritance; autosomes and sex
chromosomes (sex determination in humans,
fruit fly, birds, honey bees and grasshopper),
definition and significance of linkage and
crossing over. Mutation: spontaneous,
induced, gene (point – transition,
transversion and frame-shift); chromosomal
aberration: euploidy and aneuploidy; human
genetic disorders: phenylketonuria,
thalassaemia, colour blindness, sickle cell
anaemia; chromosomal disorders: Down’s
syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome, .
-------------------------------
(6) Molecular basis of Inheritance
Search for genetic material and DNA as
genetic material; structure of DNA and
RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication;
central dogma; transcription, genetic code,
translation; gene expression and regulation
- lac operon; human genome project;
DNA fingerprinting.
Properties of genes such as ability to
replicate, chemical stability, mutability and
inheritability. Search for DNA as genetic
material - Hershey and Chase’s experiment,
double helical model of DNA (contributions
of Meischer, Watson and Crick, Wilkins,
Franklin and Chargaff); Differences between
DNA and RNA; types of RNA (tRNA, mRNA
and rRNA, snRNA, hnRNA); central dogma.concept only; reverse transcription (basic
idea only), Meselson and Stahl’s experiment,
replication of DNA (role of enzymes, namely
DNA polymerase and ligase), transcription,
essential features of genetic code. Definition
of codon. Protein synthesis - translation
in prokaryotes. Gene expression in
prokaryotes; lac operon in E. coli.
Human Genome Project: goal;
methodologies [Expressed Sequence Tags
(EST), Sequence Annotation], salient
features and applications. DNA finger.
printing – technique, application and ethica lissues to be discussed briefly.
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(iii)Evolution
Origin of life; biological evolution and
evidences for biological evolution
(palaeontology, comparative anatomy,
embryology and molecular evidences);
Darwin's contribution, modern synthetic
theory of evolution; mechanism of
evolution - variation (mutation and
recombination) and natural selection with
examples, types of natural selection; gene
flow and genetic drift; Hardy - Weinberg's
principle; adaptive radiation; human
evolution.
Origin of life - abiogenesis and biogenesis,
effect of oxygen on evolution to show that
reducing atmosphere is essential for abiotic
synthesis. Modern concept of origin of life,
Oparin Haldane theory, definition of
coacervates, vestigial organs; Miller and
Urey experiment. Evidences of evolution:
morphological evidences, definition and
differences between homologous and
analogous organs (two examples each from-
plants and animals). Embryological.
evidences – theory of recapitulation,.
definition and differences between ontogeny.
and phylogeny. Palaeontological evidence
definition of fossils. Geological time scale.
(with reference to dominant flora and fauna).
Biogeographical evidence – definition of.biogeography, molecular (genetic)evidences for example genome similarity, universal
genetic code; Darwin's finches (adaptive
radiation).
Darwinism: salient features of Darwinism,
contribution of Malthus, criticism of
Darwinism. Examples of natural selection
Long neck of giraffe, industrial melanism,
resistance of mosquitoes to DDT and
resistance of bacteria to antibiotics,
Neo-Darwinism (Modern Synthetic Theory);
Variation - causes of variation, Hugo de
Vries theory of mutation - role of mutation in
evolution; Hardy Weinberg’s principle,
factors affecting Hardy Weinberg
equilibrium: gene migration or gene flow,
genetic drift (Founder’s effect, bottle-neck
effect), mutation, genetic recombination and
natural selection, types of natural selection(directional, disruptive and stabilizing).
-------------------------------
Unit 3. Biology and Human Welfare
________________________________
(10) Human Health and Diseases
Pathogens; parasites causing human
diseases (common cold, dengue,
chikungunya, pneumonia, malaria, ring
worm) and their control; Basic concepts of
immunology - vaccines; cancer, HIV and
AIDS; Adolescence - drug abuse.
Communicable and non-communicable
diseases; modes of transmission, causative
agents, symptoms and prevention; viral
diseases (common cold, chikungunya and
dengue), bacterial diseases (pneumonia,
diphtheria and plague), protozoal diseases
(malaria, graphic outline of life cycle of
Plasmodium); fungal (ringworm); cancer -
types of tumour (benign, malignant),
causes, diagnosis and treatment,
characteristics of cancer cells (loss of
contact inhibition and metastasis).
Immunity (definition and types – innate and
acquired, active and passive, humoral and
cell-mediated), Interferons – definition,
source and function; structure of a typical
antibody molecule, types of antibodies - IgG,
IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE (function and
occurrence, e,g. in serum, saliva, colostrum);
vaccination and immunisation, allergies and
allergens – definition and general symptoms
of allergies; autoimmunity, primary and
secondary lymphoid organs and tissues, brief
idea of AIDS – causative agent (HIV), modes
of transmission, diagnosis (ELISA),
symptoms, replication of retrovirus in
the infected human cell (including diagram) and prevention.
Drugs: effects and sources of opioids,
cannabinoids, cocaine and barbiturates.
Reasons for addiction; prevention and
control of drug abuse.
-------------------------------
(11) Strategies for enhancement in food production.
Improvement in food production: green
revolution, plant breeding, tissue culture,
single cell protein, biofortification,
apiculture and animal husbandry.
Measures for proper maintenance of dairy
farms; apiculture and pisciculture –
definition, brief idea and advantages of each.
Animal breeding - brief idea of inbreeding,
out-breeding, cross-breeding and artificial
insemination, Multiple Ovulation Embryo
Transfer Technology (MOET). Advantages
of artificial insemination.
Plant breeding – a brief reference to
Green revolution. Steps in plant breeding
(germplasm collection, evaluation,
Selection cross hybridisation or artificial hybridisation
(concept of emasculation and bagging),
selection and testing of superior
recombinants, testing, release and
commercialisation of new cultivars),
advantages of mutation breeding, examples
of some Indian hybrid crops like wheat, rice,
maize, sugarcane, millet. Definition of
heterosis and inbreeding depression.
Application of plant breeding for (i) disease
resistance [examples of some disease-
resistant varieties of crops for example wheat
(Himgiri), Brassica (Pusa swarnim),
cauliflower (Pusa shubhra, Pusa snowball K
– 1), Cow pea (Pusa komal), chilli (Pusa
sadabahar)],(ii) insect resistance [examples
of some insect resistant varieties of
crops – Brassica (Pusa Gaurav), flat
bean (Pusa sem 2, Pusa sem 3), okra (Pusa
sawani, Pusa A–4)], (iii) improved food
quality (biofortification, e.g., wheat – Atlas
66, maize hybrids, iron fortified rice). Tissue
culture (technique and application –
micropropagation, somaclones, disease free
plants and somatic hybridisation), single cell
protein – source and significance.
----------------------------------
(12) Microbes in Human Welfare
In industrial production, sewage treatment,
energy generation and microbes as
biocontrol agents and biofertilisers.
Use of microbes in: (i) Industrial products:
beverages (with and without distillation);
sources (microbes) and uses of organic
acids, alcohols and enzymes (lipase,
pectinase, protease, streptokinase) in
industry, source (microbes) and
applications of Cyclosporin-A, Statins;
(ii) Production of biogas (methanogens,
biogas plant, composition of biogas and
process of production); (iii) Microbes as
biocontrol agents (Bacillus thuringiensis
Trichoderma, Nucleopolyhedrovirus
(Baculovirus), and (iv) Microbes
as biofertilisers (Rhizobium, Azospirillum,
Azotobacter, Mycorrhiza, Cyanobacteria),
IPM - harmful effects of chemical pesticides.
--------------------------------------
Unit 4 . Biotechnology and its Applications.
_________________________________
(13) Biotechnology - Principles and processes
Genetic Engineering (recombinant DNA
technology).
Definition and principles of biotechnology;
isolation of genomic (chromosomal) DNA
(from plant cell, by cell lysis), isolation of
gene of interest (by electrophoresis), steps of formation of recombinant DNA, discovery,
nomenclature, features and
role of restriction enzymes (EcoRI) and role of
ligase; cloning vectors (features of a good
cloning vector, examples of cloning vectors
like pBR322, Agrobacterium, retroviruses,
bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), yeast
artificial chromosome (YAC)), methods of
transfer of rDNA into a competent host, e.g.
by direct-method (temperature shock),
microinjection, gene gun, methods of
selection of recombinants (antibiotic
resistance, blue-white selection), cloning of
recombinants, i.e., gene amplification (by in
vivo or in vitro method - using PCR
technique), bioreactor (basic features and
uses of stirred tank and sparged tank
bioreactors), downstream processing.
---------------------------------
(14) Biotechnology and Its Applications.
Applications of biotechnology in health and
agriculture: human insulin and vaccine
production, stem cell technology, gene
therapy; genetically modified organisms -
Bt crops; transgenic animals; biosafety issues,
biopiracy and biopatents.
In agriculture: for production of crops
tolerant to abiotic stresses (cold, drought,
salt, heat); pest-resistant crops (Bt-crops,
RNAi with reference to Meloidogyne
incognita); crops with enhanced nutritional
value (golden rice).
In medicine: insulin, gene therapy - with
reference to treatment of SCID, molecular
diagnosis by PCR, ELISA and use of
DNA/RNA probe.
Transgenic animals for bioactive products
like alpha-1-antitrypsin for emphysema,
alpha-lactalbumin; vaccine safety testing,
chemical safety testing; study of diseases.
Role of GEAC, definition and two examples
of biopiracy, biopatent; ethical issues.
------------------------------------
Unit 5. Ecology and Environment
________________________________
(15) Organisms and Populations
Organisms and environment: habitat and
niche, population and ecological
adaptations; population interactions -
mutualism, competition, predation,
parasitism; population attributes - growth,
birth rate and death rate, age distribution.
Definition of ecology; definition of habitat
and niche.
Definition of population; population
attributes: sex ratio, types of age
distribution pyramids for human
population; definition of population density,
natality, mortality, emigration,
immigration, carrying capacity. Ways to
measure population density. Calculation of
natality and mortality.
Population growth: factors affecting
population growth and population growth
equation; growth models: exponential
growth and logistic growth along with
equations, graph and examples of the same;
life history variations: definition of
reproductive fitness and examples.
Population interactions – definition of
mutualism, competition (interspecific,
interference, competitive release and
Gause’s Principle of Competitive
Exclusion), predation (adaptations in
organisms to avoid predation), parasitism
(ecto-, endo-, and brood parasites),
commensalism, amensalism.
-------------------------------------
(16) Ecosystem
Ecosystems: patterns, components;
productivity and decomposition; energy
flow; pyramids of number, biomass,
energy; nutrient cycles (phosphorous);
ecological succession; ecological services -
carbon fixation, pollination, seed dispersal,
oxygen release (in brief).
Definition and types of ecosystems;
structure of ecosystem (brief idea
about biotic and abiotic components).
Effects of abiotic factors (temperature,
water, light, soil) on living organisms,
definition of stenothermal, eurythermal,
stenohaline and euryhaline), responses to
abiotic factors (regulate, conform, migrate,
suspend). Allen’s rule.
Structure and function of pond ecosystem;
ecosystem functions: (i) Productivity –
gross primary productivity (GPP), net
primary productivity (NPP) and
secondary productivity (ii) Decomposition
(fragmentation, leaching, catabolism,
humification and mineralization), factors
affecting rate of decomposition (iii) Energy
flow. Various types of food chains – grazing
and detritus, food webs, trophic levels,
ecological pyramids – energy, number and
biomass (iv) Nutrient cycle – definition of
biogeochemical cycles – sedimentary cycle
(Phosphorous).
Definition of PAR, 10% Law, standing crop
and standing state.
Succession: definition to explain the
meaning, kinds of succession (hydrarch,
xerarch; primary and secondary succession
with examples), definition of pioneer
community, climax community and sere;
significance of ecological succession.
Ecological services and their cost.
------------------------------------
(17) Biodiversity and its Conservation
Concept of biodiversity; patterns of
biodiversity; importance of biodiversity; loss
of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation;
hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction,
Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, national
parks, sanctuaries and Ramsarsites
Definition of biodiversity, few examples of
each type of biodiversity - species, ecosystem
and genetic. Global biodiversity and
proportionate number of species of major
taxa of plants, invertebrates and vertebrates;
patterns of biodiversity (latitudinal gradients,
species-area relationship – graph and
equation), “rivet popper hypothesis”,
importance of species diversity to the
ecosystem (narrowly utilitarian, broadly
utilitarian, ethical terms).
Examples of some recently extinct organisms,
causes of loss of biodiversity (habitat loss
and fragmentation, over-exploitation, alien
species invasion, co-extinction).
Biodiversity conservation: In-situ methods -
protected areas: biosphere reserves, national
parks, wildlife sanctuaries, sacred groves;
ex-situ methods - captive breeding, zoo,
botanical gardens, cryopreservation, wild
life safari, seed banks. Definitions and
examples of each of the above. Hotspots,
Ramsar sites and Red Data Book.
The place, year and main agenda of historic
conventions on biological diversity (the
Earth Summit and the World Summit).
-----------------------------------
(18) Environmental Issues
Air pollution and its control; water
pollution and its control; radioactive waste
management; any one case study as
success story addressing environmental
issue(s).
Control devices for air pollution such as:
scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators,
catalytic converter, CNG, Bharat stages,
noise pollution: harmful effects and control;
thermal pollution, eutrophication - cultural
or accelerated, BOD, effect of sewage
discharge on BOD and dissolved oxygen
content in river; case studies of waste water
treatment (FOAM and EcoSan); integrated
organic farming, contribution of Ramesh
Chandra Dagar, biomagnification; solid
waste management, Radioactive waste
management, e-waste.
A brief understanding of the concept of
deforestation (slash and burn agriculture or
jhum cultivation’s contribution). Montreal
protocol. Any one of the following case
studies as success stories addressing
environmental issues: Chipko Movement,
Joint Forest Management, contribution of
Ahmed Khan of Bangalore.
Main provisions of Environmental Acts —
Environmental Protection Act, Water
(prevention and control of pollution), Air
(prevention and control of pollution Act).
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